The credit crisis has taken its toll on many consumers’ immediate ability to borrow and pay down their debt as, over the last year, banks and other lending institutions have slashed credit limits and hiked interest rates in an effort to protect themselves from rising consumer defaults. But economists predict that this vastly altered consumer credit market won’t be a fleeting change.

“In the previous two decades, our credit scores have become more important over time,” said personal finances expert Liz Pulliam Weston (“Rules Have Changed for Consumer Credit,” Chicago Tribune, April 19, 2009). “Then in the past year, it’s suddenly become critical.”

She warns that if consumers don’t pay attention to these recent credit developments they could make some costly mistakes that could negatively affect their personal finances.

1. Credit Scores

The overhauled credit markets have polarized the world of credit scores: now there’s good credit and bad credit and relatively little in between. Consumers with good credit have seen little to no effect on their financial lives, while consumers with less than stellar credit are increasingly facing higher interest rates, more stringent loan terms, and disqualification from all types of loans — home, auto, student, etc.

The Recommendation: Don’t take on any more debt and start paying off your existing debt.

2. Credit Benchmarks

The qualifications for good credit and bad credit have also shifted. About a year ago a 700 to a 720 FICO credit score — the most widely used credit score formula — was considered acceptable for most consumer loans, and a 620 FICO score was considered subprime and subject to less favorable terms. Today, consumers need a 740 to a 760 credit score to get the most consumer-friendly loan and credit card terms, and consumers with a 660 to 680 score are considered subprime.

The Recommendation: Pull your credit report to see if there are any unforeseen blips or mistakes that could have dinged your score. You can get a free copy of your credit report from each of the major reporting bureaus once a year at annualcreditreport.com. For a free estimate of your credit score, you can use some of the new credit simulators at Bankrate.com, Quizzle.com, or Credit.com to get an idea of where you stand, but if you’re considering taking out any new loan you may want to use a site like MyFICO.com to pull your actual credit score and see where you really fall on the new scale.

3. Credit Limits

Consumers with lower credit scores are having their credit limits slashed by credit card companies, which can severely throw off your credit utilization ratio — the ratio of your available credit to how much you’ve borrowed — and consequently, lower your credit score.

The Recommendation: Consumers with good credit scores, 750 and above, can try negotiating with their creditors to reinstate lines of credit, if need be. Creditors are more willing to accommodate consumers with good credit since they are harder to come by in this recession.

4. Card Cancellations

In addition to lowering limits, credit card companies are shutting down lines of credit due to low use, which may be one of the few credit changes to hurt consumers with good credit.

The Recommendation: Make sure to occasionally use the cards that you keep in the “back of your wallet” — charging some purchases at least a few times a year — and promptly pay off the balances on these cards in full.

5. FICO Score Formula Changes

One of the three major credit reporting bureaus, TransUnion, has begun using Fair Isaac’s new FICO score formula, which places more emphasis on your credit utilization and ignores overdue balances of less than $100. It’s unknown when or if the other credit bureaus, Equifax and Experian, will follow suit.

The Recommendation: Keep balances to below 30 percent of your available credit, and if possible, try to bring your credit utilization down to 10 percent to get better interest rates and more favorable borrowing terms on consumer loans.

Popularity: 15% [?]

After receiving hundreds of consumer complaints regarding questionable debt collection companies, Oregon’s legislature has passed a bill that gives the state attorney general new authority to sue any U.S. debt collection agency engaged in unjust collection tactics with an Oregon resident, InsideARM reports (“Oregon Passes Bill Allowing State AG to Sue Debt Collection Agencies,” April 6, 2009).

The bill, which was sanctioned by current attorney general, John Kroger, will allow the attorney general’s office to address Oregon residents’ repeated complaints that collectors were calling them in the middle of the night, harassing them at work, threatening them with arrests, and using racial epithets in their calls.

“All of these [practices] are unlawful under the Unlawful Debt Collection Practices Act [sic]; however the state had no power to enforce it on behalf of the injured consumer,” said Tony Green, spokesman for the Oregon Department of Justice.

Senate Bill 328 gives the state’s attorney general authority where it formerly didn’t exist. Prior to the bill, Oregon’s attorney general could only request that collection agencies comply with fair debt collection practices under the Unlawful Trade Protection Act, Green said. However, a loophole in the UTPA essentially exempted collection agencies from the act, even though the act applied to many other industries in the state.

If the governor signs the bill into law the UTPA loophole will be closed, giving Oregon’s attorney general the needed authority to prosecute collectors who violate the law beginning Jan. 1, 2010.

Critics Question Effectiveness of Bill

Some collection agency representatives have said the bill won’t likely affect them and that it will do little to stop illegal collection tactics.

And David Cherner, the legislative director of state government affairs at ACA International, an association of credit and collection professionals, said the bill may not live up to legislators’ expectations.

“I’m not convinced that this type of authority that’s now given to the [attorney general] is going to result in complaints decreasing,” he said. “I think there are other ways to address the rise in complaints, and unfortunately I don’t believe that this proposal is going to necessarily do that.”

Industry insiders, including collection agency owners, tend to agree with Cherner’s assessment.

“The bill is not going to give [the Oregon attorney general] the power to take away unlawful debt collectors’ licenses in the state of Oregon to stop them from continued operation,” one owner said. “[The attorney general] hasn’t accomplished anything.”

Popularity: 4% [?]

After some 10 million consumers with poor credit saw their credit lines reduced earlier last year, responsible consumers with good credit are now seeing the same credit card limit reductions as credit card issuers move to insulate themselves from defaults, reports USA Today (“Lenders Slash Credit for Responsible Borrowers,” April 2, 2009).

Approximately 22 million cardholders — all of them consumers who have kept up on their credit card payments, have paid their bills on time, and have maintained their credit — have had their accounts closed or credit limits cut, according to a recent report by Fair Isaac, the creator of the FICO credit score.

Typically, lenders have targeted those with poor credit but as the economy has continued to unravel, lenders have changed their definition of risk, says Josh Lauer, a professor at the University of New Hampshire who is writing a book on credit reporting.

Consumers who have high credit scores tend to use their credit cards less and carry low balances, says Fair Isaac’s Careen Foster, which may be why they’re now being targeted by lenders.

And consumers who pay their bills on time aren’t a very profitable demographic for lenders since these consumers tend to pay few credit card fees, adds John Ulzheimer, president of consumer education for Credit.com. Even though these cardholders are less likely to default, lenders must still set aside reserves in case consumers stop making payments on their loans.

When credit card companies close a consumer’s accounts or reduce a consumer’s credit limit, it can increase the proportion of available credit a consumer is using and bring down his or her credit score, making it harder to qualify for any type of loan in the future, especially for a consumer who already has bad credit.

The good news for those who have been responsible with their credit is that, according to the Fair Isaac report, card companies’ recent credit line reductions have had very little impact on these consumers’ credit scores, perhaps because these consumers have had their credit limits cut by only 5 percent.

Bank analyst Meredith Whitney estimates that by 2010 banks will have slashed another $2.7 trillion of available credit on consumer cards. With lenders continuing to tighten their credit standards, Ulzheimer says cardholders, even those with good credit, can’t afford to be complacent about their credit scores.

Popularity: 6% [?]

Huntsville, Ala., Provo, Utah, Yakima, Wash., and Lafayette, La., all have at least one thing in common: They’re the living, breathing proof that some cities have actually triumphed in the face of a recessed economy.

These mid-size cities — where real-estate bubbles were relatively non-existent and where local banks largely avoided the questionable loans that have undermined the stability of many commercial banks — are managing this recession better than the nation’s largest cities and rural towns, according to 2007 data analyzed by Moody’s Economy and the credit reporting agency Equifax.

The data revealed that mid-size cities have seen their employment rates buck national trends and their lending institutions’ consumer loan balances rise over the past year (“Many Smaller Cities Dodge Credit Crunch in Consumer Lending,” The Wall Street Journal, March 30, 2009).

“The medium-size metros that have done the blocking and tackling are better positioned during the downturn,” said Ross DeVol, director of regional economics at the Milken Institute, a California-based think tank.

Mid-Size Cities, Banks Poised to Avoid Economic Pitfalls

The success of these cities can be attributed, in part, to their retention of unique employers; many of these cities are home to specialized industries with strong staying power and have been fortunate to land long-term government contracts.

Huntsville, for example, boasts the headquarters of the U.S. Army’s Aviation and Missile Command and a 3,000-employee Boeing facility, as well as the Marshall Space Flight Center, the NASA flight center that’s planning a return trip to the moon. The unemployment rate in this city of 376,000 was only 6 percent in January, compared to the national average of 8.5 percent, and consumer loan balances actually increased 13.2 percent per household compared to last year’s fourth quarter.

And for their part, Huntsville’s banks and credit unions — where problem commercial and consumer loans only represented 2.2 percent of total fourth-quarter lending, compared to the 4.9-percent national average — haven’t just faired well, they’ve been breaking records. Redstone Federal Credit Union in Huntsville originated $43 million in mortgage loans in February, a one-month record for the company, and made $17 million in auto loans in January, which was the fifth-highest monthly total in the company’s 57-year history. And ServisFirst Bank saw a nearly 70-percent increase of total loan balances in 2008.

Lending Data Could Be Deceiving

The Wall Street Journal is quick to point out that numbers these cities are producing may only be giving the illusion that the cities are thriving and may not be “a pure reflection of new lending,” writes reporter Dan Fitzpatrick. Consumers in these areas may still be engaging in the types of consumer behaviors that contributed to the current economic crisis, drawing heavily on existing credit lines to help them pay off their mounting bills and help them find debt relief.

But Equifax Vice President Jim Powers is confident that this type of borrowing isn’t the norm. “Most lending these days is pretty tight,” he said. “Anyone that is getting a new loan, the bank deems pretty low risk.”

Popularity: 7% [?]

After you’ve packed away all your winter coats, scarves, and turtlenecks and dusted off all your t-shirts, shorts, and flip-flops for spring, keep that spring-cleaning momentum going and tackle your bills, your financial files, and your debts. By taking better hold of your finances, you may be able to find ways to save throughout the rest of the year. (more…)

Popularity: 6% [?]

Lawmakers are attempting to resurrect the Credit Cardholders’ Bill of Rights legislation that died in the Senate last year in an attempt to provide relief for indebted credit card holders, reports Inside ARM (“Credit Cardholders’ Bill of Rights Gets New Life in Congress,” March 25, 2009).

Introduced by Sen. Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., and Sen. Richard J. Durbin, D-Ill., H.R. 627 would protect consumers from credit card companies’ predatory lending practices by limiting their exorbitant interest rate increases.

“The standard credit card agreement gives the lender the power to bleed their customer through evolving and ever more crafty tricks and traps,” Sen. Whitehouse said in a Senate hearing last week (“Debating a Ceiling On Credit Card Fees,” The Washington Post, March 25, 2009). “Under this business model, the lender focuses on squeezing out as much revenue as possible in penalty rates and fees, pushing the customer closer and closer to the edge of bankruptcy.”

The proposed legislation would apply to those companies that raise card rates higher than 15 percent plus the current yield of a 30-year treasury bond, which is currently set at 18.5 percent.

Federal Reserve regulations set to go into effect in 2010 that will target predatory lending practices by credit card issuers would be expanded under the new Credit Cardholders’ Bill of Rights:

• Prevent credit card companies from arbitrarily increasing interest rates on existing card balances

• End the practice of “double cycle” billing that currently allows creditors to charge interest on debt that consumers have already paid on time

• Prohibit lenders from advertising “fixed” rates unless the rates aren’t subject to change, or unless the fixed-rate period is clearly disclosed to the consumer

• Forbid lenders from applying cardholder payments to higher interest rate debts last

• Force creditors to accept payments made the following business day when the bills’ due date is a Sunday or a holiday

• Require creditors to offer more reasonable cut-off times for on-time mailed payments

While banking industry advocates admit that some card issuers have engaged in harmful practices , they say the industry as a whole has not overstepped its bounds and that cardholders issuers could be hurt rather than helped by the new legislation.

If the bill passes, “the market response would simply be to restrict credit, raise interest rates and fees or both,” said Kenneth Clayton, senior vice president and general counsel of the American Bankers Association’s Card Policy Council, in a letter to the Senate subcommittee. “This would significantly hurt tens of millions of Americans at the very time they can least afford it.”

Popularity: 5% [?]

With the unemployment rate now topping 8 percent and some 5.5 million Americans out of work, it’s likely that you know someone who’s been affected by the shrinking job market. In fact, a poll released last month by the Associated Press and GfK found that seven out of every 10 Americans have a friend or relative who’s recently lost a job because of the economy.

Although you probably can’t offer a job to every out-of-work person you know, what you can do is offer your skills, your resources, and your moral support to help your unemployed loved ones cope with the stress of being out of a job and help them get back in the working game.

1. Help them sign up for unemployment benefits.
   One of the most useful things you can do for friends who have recently lost their job is help them start collecting an unemployment check. If you can guide them through the process of applying for unemployment benefits, especially if you’ve been through the experience before yourself, you may be able to help them feel a little less overwhelmed by everything they’re facing.
2. Create a job-hunt tool kit.
   Give them a nice folder or notebook cover that they can take into interviews, along with a pocket notebook that they can use for brainstorming job ideas, jotting down interview answers, or keeping networking and contact information. For something a little more personal, include a gift card for a coffee shop or bookstore, or a subway or bus pass to get them to their interviews.
3. Offer a social networking tutorial.
   Help them set up a networking profile on Facebook, LinkedIn, and Naymz. Teach them how to create their own blog or website so that they can put up their portfolio, showcase their skills, and start promoting themselves online.
4. Donate your workspace.
   Your work or home office has all the tools your out-of-work friends and family need to search for a job — free Internet access, a computer, a printer, a fax machine, maybe even a scanner or copier, and a quiet, private space at your personal desk where they can focus on their job hunt.
5. Give them a break from the job search.
   Let them know that it’s impossible and, frankly, ineffective to spend the entire day looking for a job. Offer to treat them to lunch or coffee to get them out of the house. If they’re uncomfortable accepting a free meal, you can at least advise them to take time each day to do something they wouldn’t be able to do if they were at work — go for a walk outside, see a movie, or just take a nap.

Popularity: 8% [?]

In order to offset record delinquencies and rising charge-offs, credit card companies are continuing to hike up penalties and, in many cases, double fee amounts for certain cardholders, reports USA Today (“Bank Credit Card Fees Keep Going Up,” March 15, 2009).

By the end of 2008, almost 6 percent of all credit card accounts were at least 30 days late, the highest percentage of delinquent accounts the Federal Reserve has recorded since it began tracking credit card defaults in 1991.

These defaults are forcing card issuers to incur significant expenses both at the time of collection on delinquent accounts and later when the companies have to write off these accounts due to non-payment. To recover a portion of their projected losses before they occur, these companies are choosing to pass the buck to at-risk cardholders through higher fees and penalties.

Consumers may not see relief for penalty rates or for late or missed payments until 2010 when new Federal regulations go into effect that will alter the way credit card companies do business, The Washington Post reports (“Accelerating Debt,” March 22, 2009).

Currently, credit card issuers are getting away with charging an average late-payment penalty rate of almost 27 percent, according to a 2008 survey by advocacy group Consumer Action, and may end up collecting as much as $21 billion from cardholders as a result of these higher penalty fees, estimates Robert Hammer, chairman of the consulting firm R.K. Hammer.

Elevated fees “are a recognition of risk going up,” Hammer says. Financial institutions “are not going to watch their costs go up and take no action.”

Fees Double For Some

Earlier this year, American Express raised its late fees from $29 to $39 for corporate cardholders who were 45 days late on their payments, USA Today reports.

Wells Fargo customers who withdraw funds from their credit cards inside the bank branch have seen their fees double from $10 to $20, and likewise those who withdraw credit card funds from the Wells Fargo ATM have seen their fees double from $5 to $10.

In January, JPMorgan Chase levied a $10-a-month fee on about 400,000 cardholders who had carried a high balance for more than two years and who had made little effort to pay it off. Minimum payment requirements for these customers jumped from 2 percent of their account balance to 5 percent, forcing cardholders to pay more than double what they owe on their accounts each month.

“[Card issuers] have been very much damaged by this economic downturn and tightening of credit and all the losses that their banks have faced,” said Bill Hardekopf, chief executive of LowCards.com, a credit card review site. “If you as a consumer do anything to increase your risk, you will probably very quickly be hit.”

Popularity: 5% [?]

Forget the mattress. The nation’s 8,000 credit unions, which currently offer lower interest rates on loans and higher returns on savings accounts than most commercial banks, may be the new safest place to stash your cash.

Credit unions have largely avoided the troubles of the commercial banking industry by sticking to the basics; they take in members’ deposits and lend back to them at reasonable rates, charging an average of 4.41 percent for a home-equity line of credit compared to the 4.77-percent rate charged by banks (“Safe Havens: Credit Unions Earn Some Interest,” The Wall Street Journal, March 15, 2009). And credit unions have produced, on average, 2.29-percent returns on one-year certificates of deposit, unlike the 1.74-percent returns banks currently pay their customers.

Not only have credit unions’ safe banking practices proved fruitful for their books — they held $575 billion in loans in 2008, up from $539 billion in 2007 — their financial security and customer service appeals have contributed to a significant jump in membership. In 2008, credit union membership rose to almost 90 million, up from 85 million in 2004.

“Community First [Credit Union] not only had the best rate,” said Stephen Birkelbach about his Florida credit union. “I was so impressed with the customer service and the up-front attitude I moved everything over to them.” Not only did Birkelbach switch over his personal and business accounts to Community First, he also used the credit union to refinance his mortgage at 4.25 percent in January and to finance his truck.

Of course credit unions haven’t been completely immune to the effects of the economy; 15 credit unions were liquidated last year and two credit unions closed their doors this year. And credit unions’ delinquency rates have doubled from 0.68 percent in 2006 to an estimated 1.45 percent this year due in large part to high foreclosure rates. But the average delinquency rate for banks, currently at 2.93 percent, is still more than a full percentage point higher than the delinquency numbers credit unions have seen.

Comparatively, credit unions are “solid,” says Karen Dorway, president and director of research for BauerFinancial, a firm that analyzes banks and credit unions.

What to Know Before You Switch

Credit unions’ services and operations aren’t much different from those at commercial banks:

• Membership requirements: You will most likely need to have either your neighborhood, school, workplace, or church in common with a credit union to become a member. Search www.findacreditunion.com to find one near you.
• Service features: Most large credit unions offer the same range of services as banks, including checking and savings accounts and consumer loans. Some credit unions only require a $25 deposit to open up a savings account.
• Deposit insurance: All federal credit unions, as well as most state credit unions, are regulated by The National Credit Union Administration, and credit unions are federally-insured through the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund and have the same insurance limits as banks.

You can compare your local credit unions and banks at Bankrate.com/brm/safesound/ss_home.asp and at Bauerfinancial.com/btc_ratings.asp, where you can review a credit union’s financial health based on its capital ratio, loan delinquency, and liquidity numbers.

Popularity: 9% [?]

Sen. Bernie Sanders, I-Vt., has a plan to rescue consumers from interest-rate hikes on everything from mortgages to credit cards: He’s proposed a piece of legislation that would force all companies offering consumer loans to cap interest rates at 15 percent, according to The Bennington Banner (“Sanders Seeks Interest Rate Cap,” March 13, 2009).

Currently, credit card companies, based on a 1978 Supreme Court decision, are only required to abide by the interest-rate restrictions enforced in their home state. Many financial services companies have taken advantage of this state-by-state enforcement and established headquarters in South Dakota and Delaware, states that don’t have restrictions on how much interest banks can charge.

Sanders’ bill would overrule that court decision, imposing the 15-percent interest rate cap on credit cards and consumer loans issued in all states, and would limit the fees banks can charge. His plan is modeled after a similar interest rate cap implemented under the Federal Credit Union Act nearly 30 years ago, which was set at 15 percent and later increased to 18 percent in 1987 by the National Credit Union Administration.

“If a rate cap has worked for credit unions all these years, it could work for our friends in the financial industry as well,” Sanders said.

A New Era for Credit Card Rates

Sanders believes his legislation will be met with staunch resistance from banking industry lobbyists, but he says it’s time for financial service companies to end their “culture of greed.”

Credit card companies are taking billions of dollars in taxpayer bailout money, and, in some cases, receiving zero-interest loans from the Federal Reserve, all while ratcheting up fees and interest rates. Citigroup credit card holders, for example, have been told their rates could go as high as 30 percent if they miss a single payment, and JPMorgan Chase customers who have large balances may have to start paying $10 monthly fees.

Sanders says the free-wheeling rate hikes and fees currently implemented by banks is “loan sharking,” and these banking tactics are making it even more difficult for struggling consumers to pay down their debts.

“This is very significant because right now there are millions and millions of people who are paying outrageously high interest rates on their credit cards. We think enough is enough,” Sanders said. “At a time when things are so bad, they need relief in terms of these interest rates.”

Popularity: 5% [?]